• Genetic predisposition (BRCA mutations, Lynch syndrome)
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially high-risk strains
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Hormonal factors (exposure to estrogen without progesterone)
• Environmental factors (exposure to certain chemicals)

•   - Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Changes in bowel or bladder habits
• Pain during intercourse
• Persistent bloating
• Changes in vulvar skin color or texture

Medical:

• Screening tests such as Pap smears, HPV testing, and genetic testing for high-risk individuals.
• HPV vaccination for prevention of cervical cancer.
• Chemoprevention for high-risk individuals.
• Hormonal therapies for certain types of gynecologic cancers.

Surgical:

• Removal of precancerous lesions or tumors.
• Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) or oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries) for cancer prevention in high-risk individuals.
• Lymph node dissection to determine the extent of cancer spread.
• Radical surgeries for advanced cancers, including removal of nearby lymph nodes and tissues.