• Ovulation disorders (polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic dysfunction)
• Tubal blockage or damage (from pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries)
• Uterine abnormalities (fibroids, polyps, congenital anomalies)
• Endometriosis
• Male factor infertility (low sperm count, poor sperm motility or morphology)
• Advanced maternal age
• Lifestyle factors (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity)
• Genetic factors

• Inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
• Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of menstruation
• Pain during intercourse
• Hormonal imbalances (excessive hair growth, acne, weight gain)
• Abnormalities in semen analysis (for male factor infertility)

 Medical:

• Hormonal therapies to induce ovulation in women with ovulatory disorders.
• Medications to improve sperm production or function in men with male factor infertility.
• Treatment of underlying conditions such as endometriosis or uterine abnormalities.

Surgical:

• Surgical correction of anatomical issues contributing to infertility, such as tubal repair or removal of fibroids.
• Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) including in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and intrauterine insemination (IUI) may be used when other treatments fail.
• Donor gametes (eggs or sperm) or surrogacy may be options for certain couples.